Hi!I"ve sầu got a problem with this point of grammar : I know that sometimes, english uses a verb with "ing" after a verb (I know it"s not clear, it"s tricky for me to lớn explain it in english). For instance : I"m used lớn beeing called... I"m looking forward to improving...But I found this sentence : "The British blockade of the Central Powers contributed khổng lồ soaring mortality rates."Why not saying : "khổng lồ soar" in this case ? Would it be uncorrect ?
Actually, I"m sorry but don"t quite agree with the analysis above. The -ing khung is not an adjective. It is either a gerund (nominal form), or a participle (the present participle, to be precise, which is a verbal form). When it refers lớn the performance of an action, the -ing form is a gerund (nominal).When it modifies a noun (attributively or absolutely), the -ing size is a participle. In these two sentences, the -ing form is a gerund.I"m looking forward to lớn improving my Spanish.I"m used to being called Jennie.The action whose performance you anticipate with pleasure ("khổng lồ look forward to") is that of "improving your Spanish". lưu ý that the subject of the sentence is also the person who will improve sầu his Spanish.You are accustomed khổng lồ ("to be used to") the performance of the action of "being called Jennie" cảnh báo that this sentence uses a passive sầu construction. The subject of the sentence is also the person accustomed lớn the name "Jennie," but "to be called Jennie --> being called Jennie" is passive sầu voice.On the other h&, the -ing form is a participle in the following sentence.The blockade contributed to lớn soaring mortality rates.There is no performance of an action here. If we said, "The blockade contributed khổng lồ mortality rates that were soaring" you would have sầu no trouble identifying the -ing size as a participle (tense: past continuous) in a relative clause. Converting to an elliptical construction (mortality rates that were soaring --> soaring mortality rates) does not change the function of the -ing form. It is still a participle. When an -ing size modifies a noun absolutely in this way, it is a participle. The necessary structure in your sentence is contribute khổng lồ + nominal size. Therefore, contribute to lớn + infinitive is impossible (to lớn contribute to soar mortality rates )So we can say:1. it contributes khổng lồ unemployment2. it contributes to decreasing <=gerund, performance of the action of lowering, from the transitive sầu verb "to decrease"> unemployment = it decreases unemployment (it is one of several factors that decrease unemployment)3. it contributes to rising <=participle acting lớn describe the following noun, because "to lớn rise" is intransitive> unemployment = unemployment is rising, & "it" contributes to this phenomenonIf you have trouble distinguishing between the 2nd & 3rd example sentences, rethành viên that the 2nd example is grammatically parallel lớn... it contributes lớn helping <=gerund, performance of the action of assisting, from the transitive sầu verb "to lớn help"> my friends...& that you could also choose khổng lồ interpret the 2nd example sentence as 2(b). it contributes to decreasing <=participle acting to lớn describe the following noun from an intransitive sầu usage of the verb "lớn decrease"> unemployment = unemployment is decreasing, and "it" contributes lớn this phenomenon. I hope that makes sense!! You can read more about the English -ing khung here.
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Actually, I"m sorry but don"t quite agree with the analysis above. The -ing khung is not an adjective. It is either a gerund (nominal form), or a participle (the present participle, to be precise, which is a verbal form). When it refers lớn the performance of an action, the -ing form is a gerund (nominal).When it modifies a noun (attributively or absolutely), the -ing size is a participle. In these two sentences, the -ing form is a gerund.I"m looking forward to lớn improving my Spanish.I"m used to being called Jennie.The action whose performance you anticipate with pleasure ("khổng lồ look forward to") is that of "improving your Spanish". lưu ý that the subject of the sentence is also the person who will improve sầu his Spanish.You are accustomed khổng lồ ("to be used to") the performance of the action of "being called Jennie" cảnh báo that this sentence uses a passive sầu construction. The subject of the sentence is also the person accustomed lớn the name "Jennie," but "to be called Jennie --> being called Jennie" is passive sầu voice.On the other h&, the -ing form is a participle in the following sentence.The blockade contributed to lớn soaring mortality rates.There is no performance of an action here. If we said, "The blockade contributed khổng lồ mortality rates that were soaring" you would have sầu no trouble identifying the -ing size as a participle (tense: past continuous) in a relative clause. Converting to an elliptical construction (mortality rates that were soaring --> soaring mortality rates) does not change the function of the -ing form. It is still a participle. When an -ing size modifies a noun absolutely in this way, it is a participle. The necessary structure in your sentence is contribute khổng lồ + nominal size. Therefore, contribute to lớn + infinitive is impossible (to lớn contribute to soar mortality rates )So we can say:1. it contributes khổng lồ unemployment2. it contributes to decreasing <=gerund, performance of the action of lowering, from the transitive sầu verb "to decrease"> unemployment = it decreases unemployment (it is one of several factors that decrease unemployment)3. it contributes to rising <=participle acting lớn describe the following noun, because "to lớn rise" is intransitive> unemployment = unemployment is rising, & "it" contributes to this phenomenonIf you have trouble distinguishing between the 2nd & 3rd example sentences, rethành viên that the 2nd example is grammatically parallel lớn... it contributes lớn helping <=gerund, performance of the action of assisting, from the transitive sầu verb "to lớn help"> my friends...& that you could also choose khổng lồ interpret the 2nd example sentence as 2(b). it contributes to decreasing <=participle acting to lớn describe the following noun from an intransitive sầu usage of the verb "lớn decrease"> unemployment = unemployment is decreasing, and "it" contributes lớn this phenomenon. I hope that makes sense!! You can read more about the English -ing khung here.